The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.

The following conventions are used:

OIr mathir “mother”; W modryb “auntie”

Kurd xwisk “sister”[d]

OIr siur, W chwaer “sister”

?Lyd datro “daughter”; CLuw/Hitt duttarii̯ata-;[g]
Lyc kbatra “daughter”[h]

? Celt/Lus EQUEUNUBO (< *ekwei-sunu-bʰos) "to the sons on the horse"[k] Kurd pis, put Kurdish xwesur Kurdish xwesu CLuw ḫu-u-ḫa-ti "grandfather" (abl.-ins.) Boet bana "woman" OIr ben (mna) "woman, wife" < *gʷen-eH₂ (*gʷn-eH₂-s), be (neut.) "wife < *gʷen; W benyw "woman" vispati "chief of a tribe or settlement, lord" Kurd mi "me" NPers to "you" Kurd tu, ti Kur Win Kurd xwe "itself, myself, etc." "who?" Kurd ni/ne/nek OIr ceth(a)ir (fem. cetheoir, influenced by fem. teoir "three") "four"; W pedwar (fem. pedair) "four" Lyc Teteri OIr coic, W pum(p) "five" Gaul suexos "sixth"; OIr se, W chwe(ch) "six" OIr ocht n- "eight";[af] W wyth "eight" Celtib tekam- "ten"; OIr deich, W deg, deng "ten" "hat" ; Latin caput Kurd gup "cheek" *h₂(e)rmos "arm, forequarter" arm (< OE earm) armus "shoulder, forequarter" harmos "joint (anatomy); link; bolt" irma- "arm, forequarter (of an animal)" OCS ramo "shoulder" Luwian issaris "hand" ?Pal kuwa(w)- "bull"[ap] OIr elit "doe" B ylaṃske "young gazelle" *bʰebʰrus "beaver" (See also *bʰer-, bʰerH-) *laḱ-, laḱs- "to be spotted; salmon, trout" lax (< OE leax "salmon") Yiddish laks "salmon"⇒ [note 21] Russ losos "salmon" Lith lasisa "salmon" *yew- "to blend, mix, knead" ius "gravy, broth, soup; sauce; juice" > juice

?zomos “soup, sauce; grease” ⇒ [note 28]

yuṣa- “soup, broth; water in which pulses are boiled”

uxa “Ukha”

brew (< OE breowan); burn (< OE biernan, beornan); bread (< OE bread); broth (< OE brot) ferveo "I burn, I'm hot" ⇒ [note 29]; fermentum "fermentation, leavening; ferment; anger" buran (< SE bura); "to raise bubbles, to make fuss" *der-, *drem- "to sleep" dormio "I sleep"; ⇒ [note 33] darthano "I sleep" (epic) dráyati "(s/he) sleeps"; nidrá "sleep, slumber, sleepiness, sloth" dremati "to doze, drowse, slumber" imbibe (< Lat. bibere "to drink" via OF imbiber) desha "I loved"; dashje "liking, taste, preference" (< PAlb *dausnja) *h₂ew- or *h₃ew- "to see, perceive, be aware of" OE eawis "obvious" audio "I hear, listen to; pay attention to" ⇒ [note 56] aḯo "I perceive, hear, see, obey"; aisthanomai "I perceive, feel, apprehend, notice" ⇒ [note 57] avis "evidently, manifestly, before the eyes, openly" aviti "to show, appear" Lith ovytis "to appear"; ovyje "in reality" *(s)mer- "to remember, care for, be concerned, fall into thinking" mammer "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" (< OE mamrian, mamorian "to think through, deliberate, plan out"); mimmer "to dote, dream" (< OE mymerian "to keep in mind"); mourn (< OE murnan); OE mimor "mindful" memor "mindful, remembering"[ba]⇒ [note 63]; mora "delay, any duration of time" ⇒ [note 64] mermeros "baneful, mischievous; captious, fastidious"; merimna "care, thought; anxious mind"; martus, marturos "witness" ⇒ [note 65] smarati "(s/he) remembers, recollects" mariti(< SE "to care about something/someone") *teng- "to think" think (< OE tencan, tencean); thank (< OE tanc "thought, thanks") tongeo "I know" *mers- "to bother, annoy, neglect, disturb, forget, ignore" mar (< OE mierran) mṛ́ṣyate "(s/he) forgets, neglects, disregards" Lith mirsti "to forget, lose, become oblivious" merzit "bother, annoy" *derḱ- "to see" ME torhte "bright, shining, radiant" derkomai "to see, see clearly; watch"; dergma "look, glance; sight" dṛs- "see";[bb][note 66] darsayati "to cause to see, to show"; dṛṣṭa- "seen, visible, apparent, noticed" "bright, enlightened" *(s)peḱ- "to watch, be looking at, keep looking at" spy (< Fk *spehon "to spy") -spex "watcher" > avispex, auspex “bird-watcher”⇒ [note 20];
specio “I observe, watch, look at”⇒ [note 67];
species “seeing, view, look; sight; appearance; point of view; kind, sort, type”⇒ [note 68];
specimen “mark, token; example, pattern, model”;
spectus “look, appearance, aspect”;
spectrum “appearance, image; apparition, spectre”⇒ [note 69];
speculum “looking-glass, mirror”⇒ [note 70]

skopeo “I look, behold; inspect”⇒ [note 71];
skopos “watcher; proterctor, guardian”⇒ [note 72];
skeptomai “I look at; examine; consider, think”;
skepsis “viewing; observation; doubt”⇒ [note 73]

spas “spy, watcher; messenger”;
pasyati “(s/he) sees, looks, beholds”;
spaṣṭa- “clear, visible; obvious, evident; intelligible”

shpikje “invention, creation”

*kʷeḱ- “to see; to show; to seem”

tekmar “goal, end; token”

kásate “(it) is visible, appears; shines”;
√caks-, caṣṭe “to see, look; appear; inform”;
cakṣu “eye”;
cakṣman “seer”

Av
casman “eye”

OCS
kazati “to show; say, testify”

porosit “recommend, order” (an article or a meal)

*teh₂- “to melt, thaw; flow”

thaw (< OE tawian); thone "damp, moist, wet" (< OE tan) tabes "decay, foulness; fluid from a wound"; tabeo "I melt; rot"; tabum "gore; viscous fluid" tiphos "pond, swamp"; tḗko "melt" tamara "water"; toyam "water"; tos-, tosate "drip, distill, trickle"; tuṣara "rain, mist, tickle, drizzle, wet" tajati "melt" zot “god” outpouring of the heart > prayer, sacred word, mantra”; brahman “worshiper”;
barhayati “to invigorate”

bregu “hill, slope; bank, shore”

*h₂r̥ǵn̥tom “white metal (silver)”

*ḱweyt- “to shine, white”

white (< OE hwit) ƕeits "white" sveta- "white; bright"; svindate "to shine"; asvitan "to become bright" Av spaeta "white; bright"; NPers sefid "white" OCS svetu "light, world"; svetiti "to shine, illuminate"; sviteti "to get bright"; svesta "candle"; cvetu "bright color; bloom, flower" Lith sviesa "light"; sviẽsti "to shine" *kr̥snos "black; dark, dusky" kṛṣṇa- "black, dark, dark-blue" > Kṛṣṇa-

OCS
crunu “black”⇒ [note 85]

Lith
kir̃snas “black (of a horse)”;
OPrus kirsnan “black”

*ḱey- “grey, dark shade”

hue (< OE hiew "appearance, form; hue, color") hiwi "form, show, appearance" syava- "dark; deep brown"; syama- "dark, black, blue, brown, grey" ⇒ [note 86] Av siiauua "dark" Lith syvas "light grey" *bʰer-, bʰerH- "brown" (See also *bʰebʰrus) bear (animal) (< OE bera); brown (< OE brun) ON bjǫrn "bear (animal)"; phrúne "toad" babhru "deep brown, reddish brown; tawny" Lith béras "reddish brown" gje “thing” < all from PAlb *sana *sweh₂d-, sweh₂dus "sweet" sweet (< OE swete) suavis "sweet, pleasant, delicious" hedus "sweet" svadu "delicious, tasty, sweet" Lith namas "house" Myc na-u-do-mo "shipbuilders" B wap- "to weave" *nu- "now" now, Scot noo (< OE nu) nu "now" num, nunc (num + -ce) "now"; nuper "lately, recently" nun, nun, nu "now" nu "now, so now, now then; at once"; nú "now"; nutane "current, present" OCS nyne "now"; nu "but" Lith nu, nu "now"; nun "now, today"; nunai "now, today, nowadays" nu "when"; ni "now"; OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" OIr sam "summer"; OW ham, OBret ham "summer" On numerals: On nature and the passage of time: On animals: On kinship and family: On agriculture and produce: On colors: On verbs related to action and motion: On bodily functions: